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                                   BIODIVERSITY AND ITS CONSERVATION                                                                                                               By Dr. Ashok Kumar Panigrahi. Introduction The word ‘biodiversity’ is a contraction of the term, ‘natural biological diversity’. Biodiversity refers to the range of variations or differentiations among same set of living entities. The term biodiversity is commonly used to describe the numbers, variety and variability of living organisms at the species level. Actually it is synonym of ‘Life on Earth’. It is estimated that there are about 50 million species of plants, animals and microorganisms with 35 thousand plants having medicinal properties, great bulk of it forming food of one another, species differing in physical & chemical characteristics. Plant diversity: is important to animals, herbivores and man, because, it meets the metabolic necessity of the trophic levels with the nutritional values of its fruits and seeds through dietary phytochemicals, primary and secondary. Primary phyto chemicals such as carbohydrates, proteins and fats are necessary for energy production in the predators/ grazers/browsers Secondary phyto chemicals have 2 pronged actions- either as deterrents or as stimulants. Deterrents- toxic at high dose, prevent over predation/grazing/browsing, a sort of defense chemicals for their very survival;- may be either allomones or keiromones; some seeds may have 3 or more such chemicals in them acting as protease inhibitors as Lecithin, alkaloids, uncommon amino acids, glycosides and polyphenols. Stimulants- are volatiles, as terpenoids, fatty acid derivatives-those induce pollination. Microbial diversity is just a subset of biodiversity involving bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, micro algae, protozoans and other monerans. A total of 16, 04,000 species of Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia have been described globally (Whittfield, 2002) though it is likely to be 17,980,000 species i.e. about 11 times more than the presently known species.  (Khoshoo, 1995). India is rich in microbial biodiversity and there are about 850 (0.67%) Moneran species, 2577 (2.04%) Protistan species, 23,000 (18.23%) fungal species, 2500 (2%) species of algae in India, (Khoshoo, 1995). Watve et al (1999) observed a plausible estimate of several fold higher myxobacterial diversity in India than the species recorded worldwide so far. They reported 8 novel myxobacterial types out of 32 species described in Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology Microorganisms occur every where on the planet and more so in the tropics where humidity and temperature are better suited for them to grow and multiply. Among these organisms, bacteria and fungi are of more importance to man because they are often employed to human advantage, such as Lactobacillus for curd making, yeast for fermenting and Bacillus thuringiensis for pest control and so on. Nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria help regulate nitrogen cycle, who convert aerial nitrogen to ammonia and nitrate and also back convert them to Nitrogen, thus preventing their harmful concentrations Viper Q-7 II Pool Cue in Blue through accumulations. In nature, the microbial populations are never allowed to gain in number naturally, as there are protozoa who feed on them and keep their number under check. Aesthetic and ethical- man has grown with diversity and love it immensely. People go to the forests or the country sides to watch the nature which give them pleasure. Through such a nature watch, Hugo de Vries, the father of genetics had discovered mutation in a population of Evening prime rose, Oenothera lamackiana. In Mexico, there occurred several species of wild perennial corn. Subsequent hybridization produced the perennial cultivated corn. Peru possesses the widest potato diversity even today, the result of Darwin’s Artificial selection Man needs the diversity, especially plant diversity for various reasons such as deriving medicine from them, as for example, quinine and aspirin. He needs the animal diversity as well, deriving Angiostenin from American pit viper, and Oysters in Chesapeake Bay filter the water Loss of plant biodiversity will reduce rain fall (1/4rth.), increase global temperature (2-40C) and air pollution alarmingly. Genetic Diversity Heritable variation within and between populations of organisms, ultimately depends on the sequence of four base pairs, as component of nucleic acids, constitute the genetic code. New genetic variation arises by gene and chromosome mutations or by recombinations. Other variations are related to - the amount of DNA per cell, chromosome structure, number and set. Genetic variations influence both natural evolutionary changes and artificial selective breeding. Patterns in Diversity Usually 2 following patterns are observed - (A)   Alpha Diversity: It is the number of species in a given area and the patterns of their geographical distribution. It is relatively well documented for a wide variety of organisms and has led tro such generalization as – ‘diversity increases as latitude decreases’. The Species The species is the smallest and basic unit of life. Individual name is the stamp of identity and symbol of communication to which most information is attached. Biodiversity is generally viewed as synonym of diversity of species and even the varieties within the species. Species has a direct effect on the community structure. Red data list and species information provide diversity status Sustainable utilization of species is demarcation of hot & cold spots. Defining the species Taxonomic: Smallest group or population that are distinct and distinguishable from one another. Biological: Group of inter breeding population composed of reproductively isolated populations having local and geographical bases. Biosystematics: Based on fertility relationship determined  by  artificial  hybridization;  this includes ecotypes, eco species, cenospecies etc. Biosystematics: Based on fertility relationship determined by artificial hybridization;  this includes ecotypes, eco species, cenospecies etc. Evolutionary: Lineage, ancestor to descendent sequence of population existing in space and time.     Species (Systematic) Diversity Species  diversity  deals  with  the  variety  of  living species  in  different  geographical  areas,  often expressed in terms of species richness or species abundance. Species level is generally considered as the most natural one. Number of species only provides a partial indication of biological diversity. The ecological importance of a species can have a direct effect on community structure and thus overall biodiversity.  Species in a true sense represents the unit of living beings. Numbers of described species of living organisms.   Kingdom and major subdivision Common name Number of described species Totals 1. Viruses Viruses 1,000 1000 2. Monera    (i)   Bacteria    (ii)  Myxoplasma    (iii) Cyanophycota Bacteria BacteriaBlue-green algae 3000    601,700 4,760 3. Fungi   (i)    Zygomycota   (ii)   Ascomycota          (including 18,000           lichen fungi   (iii) Basidomycota   (iv.) Oomycota   (v)   Chytriodomycota   (vi)  Acrasiomycota    (vii) Myxomycota          Zygomycete fungiCup fungiBasidomycete fungiWater moldsChytridsCellular slime moldPlasmodial slime mold      66528,65016,000     580     575       13     500           46,983 4. Algae    (i)   Chlorophyta    (ii)  Phaeophyta    (iii) Rhodophyta    (iv)  Chrysophyta     (v)  Pyrrophyta     (vi) Euglenophyta Green algaeBrown algaeRed algaeChrysophytealgaeDinoflagellatesEuglenoids   7,000  1,500  4,00012,500  1,100     800 26,900 5. Plantae    (i) Bryophyta    (ii) Psilophyto    (iii) Lycopodiophyto   (iv) Equisetophyta}   (v) Filicophyta   (vi) Gymnosperma  (vii) Dicotyledonae  (viii) Monocotyledonae Mosses, liverworts, hornwortsPsilopsidsLycophytesHorsetailsFernsGymnospermsDicotsMonocots 16,600         9   1,275         15   10,000        5291,70,000   50,000                 2,48,428 6. Protozoa Protozoans    30,800    30,800 7. Animalia  (i) Porifera  (ii) Cnidaria, Ctenophora  (iii) Platyhelminthes  (iv) Nematoda   (v) Annelida   (vi) Mollusca   (vii) Echinoermata   (viii) Arthropoda  (1) Insecta(2) Other arthropods(ix) Minor invertebrate phyla SpongesJelly fish, Corals, Comb jelliesFlatwormsNematodes (Round worms)Annelids ( Earthworms and relativesMollucsEchinoderms (star fish and relativesArthropodsInsects   5,000  9,00012,20012,00012,00050,000  6,1007,51,0001,23,161     9,300                           989,761 8. Chordata (i) Tunicata (ii) Cephalochordata (iii) Vertebrata 1. Agnatha2. Chondrichthyes 3. Osteichthyes4. Amphibia5. Reptilia6. Aves7. Mammalia TunicatesAcorn wormsVertebrateslampreys and HagfishesSharks and other cartilaginous fishesBony fishesAmphibiansReptilesBirdsMammals 1,250     23     63   84318,150  4,184   6,300   9,040   4,000                       43,853 TOTAL: All organisms     1,392,485   Importance of Biodiversity Direct economic benefits Tropical rain forest products like Oils, Gums, Rubber, Fiber, Tannin, Dyes, Resins, Turpentine, wide varieties of roots, fruits and ornamental plants. Indirect ecological benefits a. Evolutionary change, b. Crop improvement and c. Transgenic Organisms Geographic varieties have provided the materials for agricultural manipulations of more productive and disease resistant strains Medicinal Values and Food Security Biodiversity has value in and of itself and it is inherently wrong to

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